Over
the past few years, our budget presentations have included information about
“Unfunded Liabilities,” specifically employee pensions (excluding teacher pensions,
which are funded by the Commonwealth) and retiree health insurance, which is
also known as Other Post-Employment Benefits (OPEB). This letter is intended to provide:
- A brief explanation of what these liabilities are
- An update on the magnitude of these liabilities for the Manchester Essex Regional School District (MERSD), and
- A summary of steps that MERSD is taking to address these liabilities, which face not only every other governmental entity in Massachusetts, but also most government entities nationwide.
- Annual competitive bidding of insurance programs to get the best rates from the market. Rate increases for the past five years of bids for MERSD plans have been 0%, 3.6%, 0%, 4.0%, 7.7% and 4.5% respectively. This average increase of 3.3% per year is significantly lower than the 4.5%-7.0% rate assumed by our actuaries in forecasting the future costs. Savings from this bidding process reduce the annual cost of retiree health, and will help to contain growth of the OPEB liability forecasts in future actuarial reports as well.
- All retirees who are eligible for Medicare are now required to enroll, so MERSD will no longer be their primary insurer. MERSD pays for some supplemental insurance for these retirees, but implementing this change reduces MERSD’s cost per participating retiree by 52%, based on the differential in current rates between the district and Medicare supplemental plans.
- Prior year negotiations between MERSD and META have helped to curtail growth in spending on insurance as well. Prior to 2011, the district paid 85% of premiums compared to 70% today.
- A new policy beginning July 1, 2013 prohibited retirees from adding insurance coverage after retirement, which will make changes in enrollment levels more predictable.
What Are Unfunded Liabilities?
Pensions and retiree
health insurance are benefits that are offered as a requirement of
Massachusetts General Law to employees of MERSD. Because these benefits
are legally mandated, government entities must include in their financial
statements an estimate of the value of future obligations related to these
programs.
In the past, MERSD, like
most school districts and towns in the state, paid the cost of these benefits
as they came due each year. This is often referred to as a “pay as you
go” approach. Recently, attention has turned to the growing nature of
these costs and the concern that benefit costs will grow faster than municipal
budgets can absorb in future years.
A potential solution to
this challenge has two main facets. First, cost growth must be contained
to ensure that benefits are appropriate and affordable for taxpayers.
Second, government employers must begin to move from the “pay as you go”
approach towards a strategy that pre-funds future year obligations and invests
those funds to ensure that larger obligations due in future years can be
afforded without undue pressure on the annual operating budget. Setting
aside money for these obligations in advance would begin to render these
liabilities “funded” in accounting terms instead of “unfunded.”
In recent years, MERSD
has increased its pre-funding of pension and retiree health insurance
obligations and also restructured its health insurance plans considerably,
putting the district on a clear path to full funding over time.
How Big Are MERSD’s
Unfunded Liabilities?
Estimates of these
liabilities are updated each year and published in MERSD’s financial statements
which are audited by an outside accounting firm. The financial statements
for the most recently concluded fiscal year (which ended on June 30, 2016),
contain the following estimates.
Pensions
The unfunded portion of
the pension liability attributable to MERSD is estimated to be
$6,545,348.
Most pension programs
require contributions from employees and employers. MERSD teachers and
other licensed personnel (e.g. principals and district administrators)
participate in the Commonwealth of Massachusetts’ Teachers Contributory
Retirement System (MTCRS). For these employees, the Commonwealth pays
100% of the employer share of pension expense, and employees also contribute
directly by way of an 11% payroll deduction. As a result, MERSD has no
expense nor any liability whatsoever, for pension costs related to licensed
employees.
Non-licensed employees
(e.g. custodians, and administrative or school building assistants),
participate in the county pension program, known as Essex Regional Retirement
System (ERRS). In the current fiscal year, MERSD’s employer-share
obligation totaled $506,787. ERRS, by way of this contribution, has begun
to require its members, including MERSD and the Towns of Manchester and Essex,
to pre-fund future pension liabilities and the program is on track to achieve
full-funding by 2036, in accordance with Massachusetts General Law. Doing
so requires MERSD to increase its annual pension contribution by 6-7% each year
through 2023 and 4% thereafter.
The estimate referenced
above for MERSD’s portion of ERRS’ unfunded pension liability is based on
applying 1.801% of ERRS’ total unfunded liability to MERSD. This
percentage represents MERSD’s percentage of total ERRS payroll. ERRS
applies this percentage to the total annual required contributions from its
members to arrive at MERSD’s employer share obligation for the year.
OPEB (Retiree Health
Insurance)
MERSD’s unfunded
liability for OPEB is $17,950,092 as
of July 1, 2015, the date of the most recent bi-annual actuarial
valuation. This has declined by 28% from the prior valuation, due to cost
reduction measures initiated by the district and the beginning of a pre-funding
program that sets aside funds for future obligations. MERSD will update
its valuation this fall to determine the size of this liability as of July 1,
2017.
By law, MERSD must
provide health insurance to all employees who retire with eligibility for
pension. For current retirees, the district contributes 80% of the cost
of insurance premiums throughout the duration of retirement, with retirees
paying the remaining 20%. MERSD’s annual obligation for
insurance payments on behalf of retirees was $593,692 in the most recently
concluded fiscal year. As a relatively new Regional School District,
however, MERSD does not yet have many retirees. Our actuary estimates that as
this changes, costs will continue to rise and our annual obligation for retiree
health insurance will grow at an annual rate that exceeds MERSD’s typical
budget growth each year, which would put excessive constraints on important
educational spending. To fully fund this obligation as benefit payments
come due in the future, an annual contribution of $1.7 million, invested with a
rate of return of 6.0% per year, would be necessary starting now. This
amount is equivalent to 2.8 times our most recent ‘pay as you go’ annual
expense.
What is MERSD’s Plan to
Address these Challenges?
Management of these
Unfunded Liabilities is a critical priority for MERSD. In its District
Improvement Plan established several years ago, MERSD identified the need to
develop, by FY-15, a sustainable, long-term financial plan to address these
challenges, with actual pre-funding to begin by FY-16. MERSD is pleased
to have met these self-imposed objectives ahead of schedule, and is ahead of
most regional school districts in proactively planning for future OPEB
obligations.
In FY-14, the MERSD
School Committee endorsed a “Roadmap for Funding OPEB,” which proposed a
mixture of cost reduction and added funding concepts to close a gap between the
‘pay as you go’ budget for retiree health and the actuarially projected annual
cost to fully fund OPEB.
In early FY-15, MERSD
successfully negotiated an agreement with the Manchester Essex Teachers
Association (META) to change benefit levels, reducing the projected gap by
approximately 87% or $1.6 million per year with no need for additional taxpayer
funds. Changes included reducing the district contribution for health
care premiums to 75% for active employees and 70% for new hires, from 80%
previously. Additionally, the agreement migrates all employees to an
insurance program with lower monthly premiums (which are split between MERSD
and employees, based on contribution percentages referenced above) in exchange
for introduction of deductibles and/or higher co-pays (which are paid by
employees for each doctor’s visit or procedure). The negotiated agreement
stipulates that in return, all savings from these changes will be placed into
an OPEB trust fund for the sole purpose of paying future OPEB costs.
These trust funds can be invested in accordance with restrictions in
Massachusetts General Law to earn higher rates of return, thereby reducing future
required contributions from MERSD, staff and taxpayers.
MERSD’s actuary has
projected that these changes would leave a remaining annual gap of just
$235,000, which could be addressed over time by gradually increasing annual
funding each year. The FY-15 budget, which was established prior to the
negotiated agreement, included an initial deposit of $50,000 into the trust
fund. In FY-16, MERSD contributed $349,544 to its OPEB trust fund, or
$47,544 more than its budget, as savings from agreed upon benefit changes
exceeded initial estimates. Based on budget estimates for FY-17 and FY-18,
MERSD is on track to contribute $1.2 million to its OPEB trust fund in just 4
years, setting the district on a clear path to fully fund its OPEB
obligation. In just five years, MERSD has increased its annual OPEB
contributions from just 20% of the actuarially determined target to
75%.
In FY-17, MERSD
established a relationship with the Pension Reserve Investment Management Board
(PRIM) to invest the district’s OPEB trust funds in the same diversified
portfolio used for the State’s pension system, MCTRS, and the large majority of
regional retirement systems as well, including ERRS. By sending OPEB
trust funds to PRIM, MERSD is able to outsource investment risk to specialized
professionals with significant experience in long-term investing. By
earning a return on its OPEB trust fund investment, MERSD can further reduce
the contribution it needs to make from budget funds each year.
Other initiatives that
MERSD has undertaken over time also help to mitigate the cost of OPEB
including:
MERSD will continue to
monitor legislative proposals and work collaboratively with META and other
employee groups to make sure that health insurance costs are affordable to
employees, retirees, and the district.
With regard to pensions,
which are by law a guaranteed contract, benefit levels cannot be changed.
Although MERSD did not establish benefit levels, we are committed to paying for
them and will continue to make the contributions required by ERRS to achieve
full funding by 2036. For the next several years, the 7% increase in our
annual pension expenditure will have a noticeable, but manageable impact on the
budget. Knowing this allows MERSD to plan ahead and identify funding
sources from savings in other areas of the budget. For example,
outsourcing evening custodial services at the new Middle High School when it
first opened and doing so at the elementary schools in FY-14 as part of budgetary
cuts not only generated salary savings, but will also bring fewer future
employees into the pension system, which will keep the cost of MERSD’s
contributions down. MERSD has also outsourced all food service and
transportation positions, which further mitigates its future pension liability.
For more information
about MERSD’s unfunded liabilities, please visit the MERSD Finance & Operations page of our website and choose the
“Unfunded Liabilities” link. This site contains presentations regarding
MERSD’s plans to address these liabilities, copies of actuarial reports, and
other informational resources about this topic.